Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 12

Philosophy - Essay Example Thus, all knowledge of things comes to us by objects that are outside. In a way, Hobbes has put forward a mechanism of knowledge; we receive stimuli and our brain and heart interpret it and then they send us signals that help us interpret what that thing is. However, at least in Leviathan, Hobbes is not too clear on how the signals are sent from within us. Hobbes goes on to state that, thus, â€Å"when we would express the decay, and signify that the sense is fading, old and past, it is called memory† (Hobbes Chapter II). He says that memory is simply our old sensory perceptions that have faded enough for us to not be able to remember them clearly, likening it to the light of the stars which fades during daylight, but is there still. Thus, our experiences are the sum of our memories. For Hobbes, memory is at par with imagination, with one slight difference, memory must always be empirically possible, whereas imagination need not be so. However, what is interesting is that Hobbes does not lay down the condition that memory has to be true in the sense of it having actually occurred, it can be an untrue event when it comes to the veracity of its occurrence, but it will be considered a memory of it is empirically possible. So, according to Hobbes, all memory, just like our senses, are perceived from objects that are outside of us, which we interpret through our sensory perception. In turn, it is these memories that shape up our world-view and our beliefs about things that are around us. When it came to memory, Plato held the view that everything that we know, or will ever know, is actually present in our memory already, or anamnesis. Time, and its passing, are mere illusions, when what is actually happening is that our memory is unfolding, nothing more. We are not acquiring new knowledge, rather it is our old memories that are unfolding and the illusion of time makes us believe

Pascal And The Meaning Of Life Book Review Religion Essay

Pascal And The Meaning Of Life Book Review Religion Essay This is a religious text book based on the facts existing on Christianity, it was written by Thomas Morris who was the most gifted writer and philosopher of the time. The book is titled, Making Sense of It All: Pascal and the Meaning of Life. was published in 1992 by, (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. The book has addressed several issues such as; need for a guide, folly which arise due to indifferences, dangers which are caused by diversion, understand the meaning of life, how one can live a good life, how God is hidden to human beings, mysteries of human beings, how truth assist in human beings coexistence, how faith is related to heart and how one can be able to love God and life. Thomas Morris amplifies Pascal in the ways that someone may not have a clue about before; this clearly has an intriguing effect on the critical mind that is about the possibility of the Truth hidden behind Christianity. The leap associated with the link between the mind and the faith does not seem to be strange especially after reading this book. The title, Making Sense of It All. is one of the best volumes that expound the topic of Christianity and its philosophy and the apologetics. There is uniqueness in this book based on its organization and the content. Morris has utilized the scientific, some of the philosophical, and at some point, the apologetic sentiments of the great creative Christian thinker called Blaise Pascal from his titles, the Pascals book Pensees. and he shows how having faith in Jesus Christ is the only unique answer given to mankinds longtime and deepest yearnings for the meaning, the purpose, his significance, and the eternal life. This book has skillfully and in the most successive manner answered most of the existential objections of which people have given as the reasons for not believing. Morris has achieved this by weaving together many of the Pascals brilliant insights specifically into a significant and most powerful Christian apologetic writings. Though the content has been covered a lot in terms of the philosophical and the theological grounds, the book has remarks that are readable and at some places quite humorous. The philosophical, theological, and the apologetic concerns have been extensively addressed in a tremendously clear and the engaging style. Therefore, in this volume Thomas Morris has provided a very deep insight as to why people who live in todays world tend to avoid the urge to think about the ultimate issues. Thomas V. Morris due to his enticing works has been recognized as one of the Christianitys finest contemporary philosophers. This book is intended to address the Christian believes who in most cases have been having thoughts on their faith, it explains to them the facts as they are linked to the religion and the general human philosophy. This book suits with the needs of its audience who in this case, the Christian. As Morris tries to captures the essence of the Pascals thought. He deftly weaves it with some of the insights of the other thinkers and he shows this in a practical application for the believers lives. This book enriches the believers mind and the spirit, thereby deepening their walk with God. Pascal is just an example of a very brilliant and scientific mind who found it to be very reasonable to have very strong beliefs in God, or to be more specific, A Christian God. Therefore, Morris, through Pascal, has showed that faith and reasoning can take a believer farther than anything can alone. This is a great thought provoking book which is meant for the person who is always seeking to understand some of those hard questions. The author articulated on how most of the time we shall be in need of urgently providing guidance which is needed by most people, it is informative on how its readers would understand how the indifferences would be solved. The author emphasized on how diversions provide a risky environment and how it would be taken care of and how one can live a better life by being skeptical and the role which research does in improving someone life. Morris makes the reader to understand the nature of God being hidden from human beings who would not even know the intentions of God and how truth is importance in promotion of self development and relation with others. As Morris wrote about need to guide which he argues that, When you stop to think about it, life can be very confusing (p. 1). Having been given this reality, there is the need for a good guide that shows us how we are supposed to live. Morris insists, that Blaise Pascal is partly one of the best guides, who attunes to our concerns although he existed 350 years ago. Pascal was one of the great thinkers in the human history. He made the original contributions in the mathematics; he became the fixture of the French intelligentsia, on the night of November 23, 1654, at the age of thirty-one, Pascal had a profound and deeply moving mystical experience that dramatically turned him around, reorienting all his priorities (p. 9). He was able meet God. He emphasized that he met the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob . . . God , who is the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. As he Immersed himself in the spiritual concerns, Pascal, during the following eight years, wrote down notes meant for a theological treatise that he tirelessly planned to write, this was an explanation and the defense based on the Christian faith that he highly hoped would make an appeal to non-believers. Unfortunately at the age of 39, he died, leaving us only with the loosely organized collection of the thoughts, which were his Pensees, According to Morris thinks, these thoughts, may possibly guide us towards our own discovery of what life means. In the next Chapter 2 The foolish indifference, due to our bored indifference towards ultimate realities, the timeless truths, makes our greatest flaw. According to his views, This negligence in a matter where they themselves, their eternity, their all are at stake, fills me more with irritation than pity; it astounds and appalls me; it seems quite monstrous to me (p. 23). This is like hoarding the pennies while using thousands of dollar bills for then cooking fuel! Those who are charged with teaching philosophy together with theology, of course, almost on a daily basis face almost the same apparent indifference that Pascal condemned. Thomas was mystified by the interests that his students showed in some trivial campus events as compared to their frequently and bored response to questions that are concerned with the heaven and hell, or death and immortality. Therefore if we as human beings dont just ignore the ultimate issues, then, we find the ways to keep our minds on other things. These Diversions always fill our waking hours and tend to dull our minds away from the possibilities of most important things. Analyzing chapter 3: Risk of diversion there is no writer, in my experience, who can better dissects this malaise. Being unable to cure death, wretchedness and ignorance, he wrote, men have decided, in order to be happy, not to think about such things' (p. 31). This is contrary to our media-dominated culture, where as there is constant amusement by ourselves to death. Therefore, one can easily and only imagine, However, it is very clear that many of us tend to seek the shelter from the reality by making sure that we are always immersed in a state of noise and activity. In his efforts in trying to makes us think in a more seriously manner, Pascal tried to set forth some ways to do so. He struggled very hard in order to discern what makes life to be meaningful? And what makes life to be good? Such like questions could not be reduced to a scientific inquiry with the empirical data and the logical proofs. The Thinkers who tend to make metaphysics or theology to be purely rational, with the endeavor to prove the existence of God, will always fail because they tend to take the wrong approach, by failing to remember Aristotles wise advice to using the right methodology while approaching a given realm of the reality. Morris wrote about skepticism, research and a better life, the Christians use reason. Pascal was able to do it with the best, However they know that there is more to the reality than the reason, that some of the realms of reality just need to be encountered through some other means. Pascal said that, We know the truth not only through our reason but also through our heart. It is through the latter that we know first principles, and reason, which has nothing to do with it, tries in vain to refute them' (p. 82). In the write-ups of the hidden God, he shows the emphasis that we all know God, who has constantly hidden from us, more so through the heart than it is to the head.: What can be seen on earth indicates neither the total absence, nor the manifest presence of divinity, but the presence of a hidden God. Everything bears this stamp' (p. 94).Therefore God, and the lifes meaning, tend to reveal themselves to those who truly and honestly seek Him (God). Therefore God does not necessarily reveal himself to those who are intellectually able and those who demand that He conforms to their established standards. Indeed, he re-marked that, Pius scholars rare' (p. 37). While in Tokens of truth  he wrote that Truly religious people must humble themselves in the worship and obedience of a creator they do not see (p. 146). God comes only to those who are very much willing to bet their lives on the truth of His Being. In his comparison to Pascals philosophy he challenges human beings to risk to believe in God, and to dare commit ourselves to the living truth that God unveils reality and assures the humans of immortality. For one to able to find meaning in our lives, we must be in a position to understand not only the truth about God but also the truth about ourselves. Evaluation Morriss focus of the, Making Sense of It All. is much more than the scissors-and-paste technique of collage that is normally done the quotations with the transitional comments and the explanations of the famous French genius (Pascal). In showing how contemporary some the issues Pascal raised are, Morris injects the illustrations that range from the Tolstoys novels to Woodie Allens movies. Therefore this book is an illustration of a gifted religious teacher at work: The audience is introduced to one of the most famous and greatest philosophers, This makes the authors ideas to be very clear and most relevant without the compromise of the essence of his views on the title, I like the book very much because it has greatly motivated me as a believer in Christian faith.

Foreshadowing in Oedipus the King and The Marriage of Figaro :: comparison compare contrast essays

Foreshadowing in Oedipus the King and The Marriage of Figaro      Ã‚   `You are the curse, the corruption of the land!'.   With these words, Tiresias, a blind prophet in `Oedipus The King' set the actions in play that would turn king to beggar within the day.   Prophecy and foreshadowing is an important part of playwriting, and adds an element of suspense that is not possible any other way.   Whether it be the witches of MacBeth, the ramblings of Tiresias in Oedipus the King, and Antigone, or whether it is the unrealized foreshadowing by Figaro in `The Marriage of Figaro', foreshadowing gives the reader or the audience something to puzzle themselves over, until the play or novel is actually over.   It would not be a stretch of the imagination to say that some of the greatest plays ever written would be impotent if their elements of foreshadowing was removed.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Foreshadowing is defined, in Webster's dictionary, as `to give a hint or suggestion of beforehand'.   In drama, foreshadowing is generally used for several purposes, including the creation of tension, creation of atmosphere, and adds an element of credibility to a character.   All of these are important elements of a play.   However it is not hard to imagine a play in which more then half of the elements of a plot, namely exposition, discovery, point of attack, complication and crisis all be caused by an act of foreshadowing or prophecy.   Indeed, "Oedipus the King", which was considered the greatest play in history by Aristotle, was one such play.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Oedipus the King" was the story of the King of Thebes, Oedipus, and his dark past history which no one, including himself to a point, was aware of, one that involved abandonment, patricide and incest.   Thebes was beset by a plague, and a delegation was sent to Apollo, the Greek God of healing, where they received instructions to find the murderer of the previous king of Thebes, King Laius.   This form of foreshadowing was necessary for the storyline to have a starting place, and acts not only as foreshadowing, but also as discovery, because it gave new information that moved the plot forwards.   A problem with this is the fact that it requires an act of God, something that Aristotle frowned upon in his definitive text

Life Is a Game Essay

â€Å"Each player must accept the cards life deals them: but once they are in hand, they alone must decide how to play in order to win the game. † – Voltaire â€Å"For when the One Great Scorer comes To write against your name, He marks – not that you won or lost – But how you played the game. † – Grantland Rice â€Å"My work is a game, a very serious game. † – M. C. Escher â€Å"A game is not won until it is lost. † – David Pleat â€Å"Play the game for more than you can afford to lose†¦ only then will you learn the game. † – Winston Churchill. â€Å"Daring ideas are like chessmen moved forward; they may be beaten, but they may start a winning game. † – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe â€Å"Most people give up just when they’re about to achieve success. They quit on the one yard line. They give up at the last minute of the game one foot from a winning touchdown. † – Ross Perot â€Å"It’s the game of life. Do I win or do I lose? One day they’re gonna shut the game down. I gotta have as much fun and go around the board as many times as I can before it’s my turn to leave. † – Tupac Shakur. â€Å"If you’re willing to put two thoughts into a picture then you’re already ahead of the game. † – Sean Penn † We know that we’re supposed to win all the games, but if we don’t, we just have to take the next game and focus on what we did wrong in the game before and just try to do better at the next game. † – Shaquille O’Neal â€Å"If past history was all there was to the game, the richest people would be librarians. † – Warren Buffett â€Å"At this stage of the game, I am not sure what’s going to happen. † – Bobby Rahal. â€Å"We didn’t lose the game; we just ran out of time. † – Vince Lombardi â€Å"You have to learn the rules of the game. And then you have to play better than anyone else. † – Albert Einstein â€Å"People have always doubted whether I was good enough to play this game at this level. I thought I was, and I thought I could be. What other people thought was really always irrelevant to me. † – Steve Nash â€Å"The goals made such a difference to the way this game went. † – John Motson â€Å"No coach has ever won a game by what he knows; it’s what his players know that counts. † – Paul Bryant â€Å"It’s more than a game. It’s an institution. † – Thomas Hughes â€Å"If life doesn’t offer a game worth playing, then invent a new one. † – Anthony J. D’Angelo â€Å"If you have the opportunity to play this game of life you need to appreciate every moment. a lot of people don’t appreciate the moment until it’s passed. † – Kanye West â€Å"I’ve missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I’ve lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I’ve been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I’ve failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. † – Michael Jordan â€Å"I think it’s wrong that only one company makes the game Monopoly. † – Steven Wright â€Å"So if you want to have a great video game-based movie you have to keep the mood of the game, use the normal character setup – but you have to flesh out the story and provide more background for the characters. † – Uwe Boll â€Å"If you make every game a life and death proposition, you’re going to have problems. For one thing, you’ll be dead a lot. † – Dean Smith. â€Å"Winning that first game was so important; my mother always said that the first game of the second set was the chance to keep it going if you were ahead or change things if you were behind. † – Tracy Austin â€Å"Life is like a game of cards. The hand you are dealt is determinism; the way you play it is free will. † – Jawaharlal Nehru â€Å"We play fair and we play hard. If we win the game we win, if we lose the game, we lose. † – Jason Williams â€Å"The person that turns over the most rocks wins the game. And that’s always been my philosophy. † – Peter Lynch â€Å"Never change a winning game; always change a losing one. † – Bill Tilden.

Relationship-Driven Leaders Focus on People, Not Power Essay

My article talks about the behavioral theories, as the author discussed the new stream in leadership orientation. To be more specific, he believed that as the industry is now facing globalization and rapid change, leaders must adapt this changing landscape or risk losing high-potential employees. Younger employees prefer relationship-driven leaders and a sense of community. So in other words, they value relationships and leaders who respect their ideas and consult them on decisions. Bobbie (2010) took an example of a general counsel who successfully led a group for years before hiring a vice president to help manage a growing workload. Because this leader spent his career in the traditional model, he found it difficult to delegate work to the new vice president. The issue was not about power, but an Inability to let go and trust the new vice president to complete the work well. If the general counsel had formed a stronger personal connection with the vice president nd built trust based on that relationship, he could have empowered the vice president Instead of constraining her performance. Relationship-driven leaders are more empathetic, patient and tolerant. They approach decision-making subjectively, using personal values as a guide and examining how each option will impact others. Yet, while they are adept at listening and forging personal connections, they can sometimes appear too concerned about what others think or too weak to make tough decision. While leaders cant change their innate personalities, they can change their behavior. Adopting these best practice behaviors will enable leaders to be more effective in an increasingly diverse workplace 1. Open yourself to different viewpoints. 2. Balance empathy with strong decision-making. 3. Collaborate on issues management. 4. Champion employee development. 5. Don’t mistake silence for agreement. By adopting a relationship-driven approach, leaders can earn the trust and confidence of an increasingly diverse workforce and improve long-term retention.

Bionanotechnology essays

Bionanotechnology essays Recent developments in Nanotechnology (a technology that concerns structures, devices and phenomena where the critical functionality occurs on a length scale which encompasses the range between atomic distances and the limit of optical resolution 0.1nm to 250nm), and Bionanotechnology (a branch of Nanotechnology that either uses biological starting materials, biological design principles, or has biological applications) are enabling biologists to confront fundamental questions about protein functions. It is anticipated that in the future both technologies will enable scientists to construct man made devices on the molecular scale. Nano and bionanotechnologies are being devised to equip scientists and engineers with a "nano-tool kit". These tools will allow us to visualize and manipulate molecules and atoms, measure interactions between molecules and build devices on the molecular scale. We plan to use from one to millions or billions of these units in parallel or series together in complex ways. These complex machines are meant to be used in construction or analytical processes. Biological sections of Nanotechnology are a priority area of the BBSRC's (biotechnology and biological science research council) engineering and biological systems committee. Nanoscale biotechnology, which deals with analytical biotechnology, separation science, tissue engineering and, biomaterial design and drug delivery systems, is the main priority area of the BBSRC biological systems committee. These applications are particularly encouraged in these areas of study. Surface chemistry, including immobilization techniques and biomolecular patterning methods, such as imprinting and micro-contact flow, for the development of applications in sensor and biological microsystem design. Nanofabrication and molecular assembly, including the biological development of tissue and cellular scaffolds, and the preparation of two- and three-dimensional arrays ...

The World is Flat

The World is Flat Introduction Globalization is the current issue making waves around the world. The trend towards globalization is simply awesome especially in the third world countries. Over the years, some economists have expressed their views in support of globalization while others, have criticized it. However, with due respect accorded both parties over their respective opinions, it is worthy of note here that globalization is an issue that has come to stay particularly with the trend towards it. (Duiker, 306)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The World is Flat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his book â€Å"The world is flat,† Thomas Friedman argues in favor of what he calls â€Å"The Dell Theory of conflict prevention.† But William Duiker, who is also a writer, thinks differently. Duiker believes the trend towards globalization may be offset by a simultaneous trend towards fragmentation. This argumentative essay is written in favor of Thomas Friedman’s hypothesis which he calls â€Å"The Dell theory of conflict prevention.† In the course of this essay, Thomas Friedman’s book â€Å"The world is flat† will be summarized and explained to support the argument. Lastly, in the concluding part of the essay, it will be shown how globalization is greatly taking over the world. In developing and developed countries respectively, the issue of globalization is of top priority as no country in the world wants to be left behind. The trend towards Globalization There is barely a country or nation in the present world which has not joined the trend towards globalization or intends to be a part of it in the nearest future. In this 21st century when the world is classified or termed as a global village, global governors, super powers of the world and international organizations like, the United Nations, (UN) European Union, (EU) and the African Union, (AU) are not resting in thei r campaigns to take globalization to the next level. (Duiker, 712) The present world is a highly technological advanced world. Virtually everything in our daily lives is connected to one technology or the other. In the health sector, highly advanced technical tools are used to perform neuron surgeries, plastic surgeries and treat diseases of different kinds. In terms of education, schools have launched websites and portals which enable students pay school fees on the internet from anywhere in the world. There is also an immense improvement in the communication sector as new devices are invented thus making communication easier and cheaper. Today, people communicate through different mediums like, phones and the internet which records a tremendous 20 million users daily. In the agricultural sector, agric products are processed into baked foods and beverages. All these and more are made possible and easy through technological advancement. (Duiker, 432)Advertising Looking for e ssay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even in farming, technological equipments enable agricultural systems like; irrigation, cross breeding and rearing of animals or live stocks. The aforementioned examples explain why there is a trend towards globalization and the reader will agree with me that, our every day lives are influenced and made easy due to the advancement in technology. As the world advances so does the need for improvement in our lives arises too thus the desire and clamor for the world to be totally globalized will continue to increase. â€Å"The world is flat† In the first part of Thomas Friedman’s book â€Å"The world is flat,† he tries to show or explain how the world became flat. Literally, Friedman tries to say there is a level playing field for everybody and this means that, there is enough room for every individual, group of people, companies, international forums and go vernments of nations to compete and gain global knowledge. (Duiker, 822) Freidman moves on to use Asian countries like, Japan, China and India as examples to illustrate his point about room created for everyone to progress. However, Friedman attributes this opportunity to what he calls world flatteners. Then he goes ahead to list ten forces which are responsible for the flattening of the world and these forces are; the steroids, the September terrorist attack on the US, (9/11) outsourcing, off shoring, uploading, Netscape’s public date, informing, uploading, in sourcing and work flow software. (Friedman, 671) Friedman tries to show that, these technological advancement which are as a result of globalization are capable of also causing disasters if in the wrong hands and this fact has changed the thinking of many nations thus creating room for anybody to compete and gain global knowledge. (Friedman, 612) Friedman talks about â€Å"America and the flat world† in the seco nd part of his book then in the third part of his book, he talks about â€Å"Developing countries and the flat world.† He shows how America is the world power and is economically at advantage due to her technological advancement. He also highlights the problems and challenges in the American society but he is adamant, optimistic and envisages what the American economy will be like in future. As for developing countries, Friedman in the third part of his book suggests the necessary steps to be taken in order to meet up the high speed of development other countries have attained. He uses Ireland as an example of a willing society and leaders with vision and how these factors helped propel Ireland from a less developed European country to an advanced one. (Duiker, 231) In part four, Friedman talks about â€Å"companies and the flat world† while in part five of his book, â€Å"Geopolitics and the flat world† is discussed. In part four, Friedman explains seven factor s which are responsible for the growth of companies and he advices other smaller companies to emulate the already advanced ones.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The World is Flat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Then in part five, he talks about international politics of the world and envisages problems that might arise from the flattened world. Here, he suggests the application of â€Å"Dells theory of conflict prevention.† Friedman believes that if flattening is not handled properly, it might also come with its demerits and he cites terrorist and global warming as examples. (Friedman, 421) Conclusion Globalization has demerits just as anything else in life. There are always two sides to every career, scientific discovery and a new technology invented or a world trend like globalization. However, you will agree with me that, the gains or merits that are achieved from globalization greatly supersede the demer its and it is therefore, worth the risk. It can then be inferred that, the trend towards globalization is a right step in the right direction which is worth taking regardless of its disadvantages. This means it requires more than just offsetting a simultaneous trend to fragment globalization. With the constructive argument above, it can be reasonably concluded that, between William Duiker and Thomas Friedman, Friedman is correct amongst the two writers. Duiker, William. Contemporary world history: Georgetown University: Wadsworth, 2010. Print Friedman, Thomas. The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Allen, 2009. Print.

Actinides (Actinide Series) Element Properties

Actinides (Actinide Series) Element Properties At the bottom of the periodic table, there is a special group of radioactive metallic elements. These elements have interesting properties and play a key role in nuclear chemistry. Actinides Definition The actinides or actinoids are a set of radioactive elements on the periodic table, usually considered ranging from atomic number 89 to atomic number 103. Location of the Actinides The modern periodic table has two rows of elements below the main body of the table. The actinides are the elements in the bottom row. The top row is the lanthanide series. The reason these two rows of elements are placed below the main table is that they dont fit in the design without making the table confusing and very wide. However, these two rows of elements are metals, sometimes considered a subset of the transition metals group. In fact, the lanthanides and actinides are sometimes called the inner transition metals, referring to their properties and position on the table. Two ways of including the lanthanides and actinides within a periodic table are to include those elements in their corresponding rows with the transition metals (makes the table wider) or ballooning them out to make a three-dimensional table. List of Elements in the Actinide Series There are 15 actinide elements. The electronic configurations of the actinides utilize the f sublevel, with the exception of lawrencium (a d-block element). Depending on your interpretation of the periodicity of the elements, the series begins with actinium or thorium, continuing to lawrencium. The usual list of elements in the actinide series is: Actinium (Ac)Thorium (Th)Protactinium (Pa)Uranium (U)Neptunium (Np)Plutonium (Pu)Americium (Am)Curium (Cm)Berkelium (Bk)Californium (Cf)Einsteinium (Es)Fermium (Fm)Mendelevium (Md)Nobelium (No)Lawrencium (Lr) Actinide Abundance The only two actinides found in appreciable quantities in the Earths crust are thorium and uranium. Small quantities of plutonium and neptunium are present in uranium orders. Actinium and protactinium occur as decay products of certain thorium and uranium isotopes. The other actinides are considered synthetic elements. If they occur naturally, it is part of a decay scheme of a heavier element. Common Properties of the Actinides Actinides share the following common properties: All are radioactive. These elements have no stable isotopes.Actinides are highly electropositive.The metals tarnish readily in air. These elements are pyrophoric (spontaneously ignite in air), particularly as finely divided powders.Actinides are very dense metals with distinctive structures. Numerous allotropes may be formed (plutonium has at least 6 allotropes!). The exception is actinium, which has fewer crystalline phases.They react with boiling water or dilute acid to release hydrogen gas.Actinide metals tend to be fairly soft. Some can be cut with a knife.These elements are malleable and ductile.All of the actinides are paramagnetic.All of these elements are silver-colored metals that are solid at room temperature and pressure.Actinides combine directly with most nonmetals.The actinides successively fill the 5f sublevel. Many actinide metals have properties of both d block and f block elements.Actinides display several valence states (typically more than the lanthanides). Most a re prone to hybridization. The actinides (An) may be prepared by reduction of AnF3  or AnF4  with vapors of Li, Mg, Ca, or Ba at 1100 - 1400 °C. Actinide Uses For the most part, we dont encounter these radioactive elements much in daily life. Americium is found in smoke detectors. Thorium is found in gas mantles. Actinium is used in scientific and medical research as a neutron source, indicator, and gamma source. Actinides may be used as dopants to make glass and crystals luminescent. The bulk of actinide use goes to energy production and defense operations. The primary use of the actinide elements is as nuclear reactor fuel and for the production of nuclear weapons. The actinides are favored for these reactions because they readily undergo nuclear reactions, releasing incredible amounts of energy. If the conditions are right, the nuclear reactions may become chain reactions. References E. Fermi (1934). Possible Production of Elements of Atomic Number Higher than 92.  Nature.  133  (3372): 898–899.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1230–1242.Theodore Gray (2009).  The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog Leventhal Publishers. p.  240.

Emotional Intelligence Works Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emotional Intelligence Works - Research Paper Example Usually they are the first ones to get to the job every day. Having said that there have been certain instances under which some employees do not enjoy the coziness presented in the work-oriented environment which exists within such organizations. They believe in getting the work done under stipulated timings and then leaving for their respective homes. This paper discusses the basis of the core skills required for employing emotional intelligence at work as well as the benefits and challenges that come along with it. With this, the focus is on contemplating the true use of the emotional intelligence premise which works well for the employees thereby leaving a lasting impression towards their individual work related performances. One must know that the complaints that are made under an office environment range from just about any level – top to bottom, bottom to top or even between peers at the same level. This implies that at a specific point in time, grudges do come about be tween the employees and they start complaining about the lack of friendship and camaraderie between their own selves. Then again there are times when there are complaints on the part of the middle management which suggests that the top management is too severe in their dealing, with names not making the rounds of such complaints usually (Levinson, 1999). On the same footing, the top management has some reservations against their middle management domains since the former believe that the middle tier is lazy and dissatisfied with their respective work ethos. They think that the element of organization and productivity is lacking on most of the occasions, and this has been the basis of asking for more emotional intelligence to exist at the workplace. Moving ahead, the emotionally stable people under the realms of a workplace environment suggest that they comprehend the tasks that have been assigned to them and which need to be completed in proper accordance of the rules and regulation s as dictated by the organization. This is in line with the proper procedures as these should be employed, rather than getting involved within emotionally charged frustrations, grudges and complete abhorrence which might creep in under such scenarios and circumstances. There are some moments when the top management realizes the gravity of the problem at hand and how low the emotional level of the employees has become. The need of the hour is to make sure that these problems are resolved at the earliest so that success could be achieved within the shortest possible time, and any issues that do arise in the future under the emotional intelligence regimes are taken care of. The problems just cannot be ignored because these can linger on into something very drastic that shall hurt the cause of the organization more than anything else (Abraham, 1999). What is needed indeed is a will to rectify the problems that remain within the folds of understanding the nuances of emotional intelligenc e. It would set many things right and take care of all the others that haunt the employees on a constant level. This requirement receives a great deal of backing by the people who believe in the premise of emotional intelligence. The emotionally charged up individuals need to be dealt with in a stern manner by the organizations. This is because their emotional state could mean havoc for the business realms where people can start fighting with one another or even create rifts between their

Advanced Financial Accounting (The FASB and IASB) Essay

Advanced Financial Accounting (The FASB and IASB) - Essay Example Overview of CSR reporting Corporate social responsibility has been an integral part of corporate functions since time immemorial. It is very difficult to trace the roots of the phenomenon or how it all started but one fact is clear that corporate social responsibility has come to stay with the corporate world. Perhaps the undeniable fact is that the benefits of undertaking corporate social responsibility cuts across several quarters of business functioning including to the ordinary customer or citizen who lives in the neighbourhood of a given company. A clear instance can be given as a multinational company that makes regular end of year donation to given Children’s Hospital in all countries where they have their branches. In such a situation, the ordinary citizen in the said country will benefit from the donations that are done to hospital but the benefit will not end there as the publicity that the company will receive from the media by way of broadcasting their donations as well as the good will that beneficiaries will develop will lead to the eventual expansion of the company in terms of the company’s customer base. ... Identifying the parties involved in corporate social responsibility as stakeholders, Haddija (2006) state that the only way that stakeholders can be assured that companies are interested in corporate social responsibility not just because of their share of the benefit is to implement and effective corporate social responsibility reporting system. The role of stakeholders in CSR Reporting There are three major stakeholders who can be identified as far as corporate social responsibility reporting are concerned. These stakeholders are staff and managers of companies, shareholders of companies and beneficiaries of corporate social responsibility. Each of these stakeholders have very important roles to play as far as corporate social responsibility reporting is concerned that cannot be compromised in anyway (Prempeh, 2008). Management and Staff In the first place, the staff and managers of various organisations who undertake corporate social responsibilities are enshrined to keep comprehe nsive data at three stages of any corporate social responsibility project. These three stages are pre-implementation, implementation and post-implementation stages. Before any corporate social responsibility project is undertaken, the leadership of the institution is expected to set a budget and planning team whose responsibility will be to estimate how much the company wishes to spend on the entire project. The planning and budget are integrated in such a way that the entire plan of what is expected to be achieved in the course of the corporate social responsibility project but have an even allocation of funding. The role of the planning and budget team and by extension the role of the staff and

Unit 4 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Unit 4 Discussion Board - Essay Example Mount Sinai NYU Health is an example of a healthcare organization – a holding company – that has a multi-corporate entity. The health organization has several subsidiaries or healthcare divisions serving the greater New York City area. The hospital is listed in the book, Jonas and Kovner’s Health Care Delivery in the United States (2002), as a conglomerate with subsidiaries in ambulatory care, hospitals, and employed and affiliated physician groups. Other subsidiary-companies provide traditional home health services for Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, and self-payers and other services not covered by federal programs. The organization is centralized, as mission, plans, and CEO financial and acquisition powers are reserved as the parent company’s while local units have separate boards with their strategic authority being limited. (Kovner & Jonas 2002, p. 163). The advantages of a multi-corporate structure in the administration of a healthcare organization such as Mount Sinai NYU Health could be seen in two main areas: profitability and quality of service. In terms of profitability, the multi-corporate structure offers an increase in volume, cost savings, and greater leverage in bargaining with managed care organizations. When it comes to the quality of service, a multi-corporate healthcare organization is said to have improved quality of care that results from standardization and specialized expertise. (p. 164) Another important and obvious aspect about multiple-corporate structure is that it allows for greater flexibility in operations because each division or agency within the whole healthcare organization may assume its own separate legal entity. Therefore, as more services are provided or more subsidiaries are added, the other subsidiaries are less likely to be disturbed. There are critics who argue

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 77

Summary - Essay Example The Gallop Poll of 2011 shows just 26% for handgun ban. The issue with the thinkers is whether gun control can stop tendencies for violence. Whereas the arguments and counterarguments continue amongst various bodies concerned with controlling gun and violence, the measure does not get the legal support. â€Å"With a 5-4 decision in the District of Columbia v. Heller case heard by the Supreme Court in 2008, the court’s new reading of the Second Amendment indicates that handguns cannot be banned even at the local level because there is an individual right to handguns in the home for self-defense.†(Ryan, n. p.) This seals the issue in favor of keeping the handguns. The other method suggested is health screening of the people and the background check from the â€Å"federally licensed dealers.†(Ryan, n.p.) This suggestion is good in theory but its implementation is not practicable. One can easily buy the â€Å"gun from a private seller.†(Ryan, n. p.) But the suggestion to ban AR-15 type assault rifles merits consideration, as these types of weapons have role for civilian purposes. Congress did ban 9 types of semi-automatic weapons in 1994 and the â€Å"ban expired in 2004 and was not renewed.†(Ryan, n.p.) Going by the General Survey there is a marked reduction in gun related crimes all over the country in the last 40 years. But the Church is deeply concerned about gun trafficking and suggests that the members of the community should exercise moral authority to educate the people about the gun culture and finally guns should have no place in a society governed on moral principles. The faith community has the responsible and c onstructive role to play in this

E scan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E scan - Assignment Example There are government policies that are not clear enough to play a role of reducing the conflict between the air transport industry and its employees. These conflicts are one major setback facing the airline and they mount pressure on the government to formulate universal policies that will benefit the industry and its players. According to Hale (177), the ability of businesses to create employment, taxes for government projects and to strengthen the economy has made government to be concerned and take leading role in setting policies that affect businesses. These policies should empower the organizations to grow even more. The overall economy and economic growth of Canada has direct impact on Air Canada’s operations and success. According to Bühring-Uhle, Kirchhoff and Scherer (7) universal business exchanges consider the value of the currency of the other parties in the trade. This is considered so as to place all parties involved in a successful path rather than suffering losses caused by indifferent exchange rates. Inflation and unpredictable exchange rates makes it hard to conduct future prospects and plan effectively. Taxation rates for the aviation industry increases the operation costs, which are then pushed to the consumer as they are charged high fees for flights. Money-based forces such as the expensive maintenance costs of the airlines and competition from other airlines increases the financial challenges of Air Canada. According to Jain, Trehan and Trehan (237), changes in the social behavior can mainly affect on an organizations products and the state of mind of the customers to react to various products of Air Canada and to utilize the services at hand. It is thus very important for Air Canada to be as much focused on improving its services on a regular basis so as to enjoy brand loyalty from its customers, and create understanding of its renewed focus to serve clients

Hierarchy vs Heterarchy in Organizational Structures Research Paper - 1

Hierarchy vs Heterarchy in Organizational Structures - Research Paper Example Conversely, a heterarchical structure supports the autonomy of the workers from the various departments of an organization. In essence, this structure advocates for horizontal management of the affairs of an organization, as opposed to a vertical management, embraced by a hierarchical organizational structure. The management of an organization can take either a centralized control of operations or decentralized control of operations. Depending on the structure that an organization adopts, both structures have their merits and demerits in terms of improving the operations of an organization. In some organizations, the management often prefers controlling every aspect of operations under their supervision. This calls for a situation where employees work according to the management’s preference. On the other hand, there are organizations that prefer giving employees space to undertake their own initiatives within the work environment so long as these initiatives can improve the o rganization’s performance (Diefenbach and Sillince 1518). In this paper, I will examine the debate that surrounds hierarchy versus heterarchy in organizational structures and their successes and limitations in an organization’s setting. Having a command center in any organization is essential because of those under the top management work according to orders from the management. This is a key feature of organizations based on a hierarchy structure. Organizations operating in this line often embrace a vertical line of authority where there are levels and each level has an authority figure. In essence, this involves embracing an office cadre where authority starts with CEO moving to the bottom level of the organization. At each level, there is an authority figure with employees under him or her. This organization helps to simplify the chain of command, but the overall authority lies with the CEO of the organization.

E scan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E scan - Assignment Example There are government policies that are not clear enough to play a role of reducing the conflict between the air transport industry and its employees. These conflicts are one major setback facing the airline and they mount pressure on the government to formulate universal policies that will benefit the industry and its players. According to Hale (177), the ability of businesses to create employment, taxes for government projects and to strengthen the economy has made government to be concerned and take leading role in setting policies that affect businesses. These policies should empower the organizations to grow even more. The overall economy and economic growth of Canada has direct impact on Air Canada’s operations and success. According to Bühring-Uhle, Kirchhoff and Scherer (7) universal business exchanges consider the value of the currency of the other parties in the trade. This is considered so as to place all parties involved in a successful path rather than suffering losses caused by indifferent exchange rates. Inflation and unpredictable exchange rates makes it hard to conduct future prospects and plan effectively. Taxation rates for the aviation industry increases the operation costs, which are then pushed to the consumer as they are charged high fees for flights. Money-based forces such as the expensive maintenance costs of the airlines and competition from other airlines increases the financial challenges of Air Canada. According to Jain, Trehan and Trehan (237), changes in the social behavior can mainly affect on an organizations products and the state of mind of the customers to react to various products of Air Canada and to utilize the services at hand. It is thus very important for Air Canada to be as much focused on improving its services on a regular basis so as to enjoy brand loyalty from its customers, and create understanding of its renewed focus to serve clients

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data (SLP) Essay

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data (SLP) - Essay Example Moreover, constant review of data and information security conducted by the company is also an important part of the Information Security Policies of OSF ([1] OSF Healthcare, 2013). Hence, it can be stated that the Information Security Policies of OSF Healthcare is quite well developed being in alignment with the strategic goals of the organization. Information Security Policies and Measures of OSF Healthcare OSF has implemented certain crucial measures with regard to ensure confidentiality, availability and reliability of data and information related to operational activities of the organization. For instance, OSF has taken the initiative to maintain secrecy of the personal information of the patients they serve in front of any unauthorized party. Furthermore, the company also ensures optimum security in its computer database as well as memory storages of other communication networks, in order to protect all the confidential information related to the operations of the organization and the people they serve. The organization is further tied up with well known and leading data warehousing services providers, i.e. Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW), that is entitled to look after each and every aspect of data and information storage related operations of the organization. ... ross-Community Access (XCS) system that enables it to ensure availability of the data related to patients throughout its various other branches with utmost convenience and security. Hence, it can be stated that this measures or approaches of the company strengthen information security and sensitivity altogether by facilitating data disbursement and simultaneously, preserving information security (Informatics Corporation of America, 2013; OSF Healthcare, n.d.). The ways through which OSF could protect from the loss of its data and steps to make sure that data remains accessible in the event of a catastrophe Protection of Data Lost Losing any important information or data from the data base and other data storage system might significantly impact the operations of OSF, hindering its strategic goal to suffice the medical needs of the patients within due time and involving minimum costs. To mitigate such situations, OSF has adopted many strategies, as described above. Apart from those, t he organization could adopt certain measures that might deliver effective and noteworthy results regarding the concerned issue. For instance, EDW, which is responsible for managing all the data recorded by OSF, should ensure multiple powers and battery back-ups, which are accounted to be the most common causes of data loss. Regular data backups is also another basic and effective measure that EDW could implement in order to mitigate data loss from system failures or other incidents (Knox, McNitt & Westman, 2013). Steps To Ensure Security of Data and Information from Catastrophic Event Data and information of any organization remains in constant threat from various external and internal agents, like unauthorized access and other distortions when transmitting information. However, the threat

Herrings Theory of Criminal Law

Herrings Theory of Criminal Law English criminal law entails sanction for various behaviors/actions and/or results; and these prohibitions are sprawling throughout numerous statutes and judgements. Generally speaking, the law categorizes criminal liability in two types of crimes; those whose result is prohibited; result crimes and those which carry sanction on a particular conduct, conduct crimes. Additionally, it must be remembered that although a crime may either be result or conduct, it always has two elements to it; the Actus Reus the Mens Rea. In Latin the maxim states actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea which means that an act is not criminal in the absence of a guilty mind; R v. Miller[1]. The physical actions/inactions, circumstance consequences are covered by the Actus Reus, thus each crime punishable by state sanction will prescribe a prohibited action or omission with its consequences in order to determine the guilt of the accused. On the other hand, Mens Rea refers to the defendants state of mind; and allows the court to assess whether the accused intended or was either reckless or negligent; in committing the crimes that s/he is accused of. Both these elements need to be proved by the prosecution, beyond reasonable doubt, Woolmington v DPP [2], for the accused to be held guilty of the crime. The Law Commission in its reports paid heed to the necessity of a consolidated and coded criminal law regime[3]. They procrastinated that the criminal code will style the law in a more accessible, comprehensible, consistent and certain [4] manner. However, in 2008, the Commission was finally liberated from its ever long pursuit of realizing a consolidated criminal code, in England Wales. The editors of the Criminal Law Review, expressed their profound displeasure, in their editorial named RIP: The Criminal Code (1968-2008)[5] stating that it was a sad end for a noble ideal; but, in reality, this idea of the criminal code was rather unattractive, amid several other jurists. Herring in his book, explores the idea of the criminal code, and finds that surely the code would provide certainty; as it will clearly demark the rules which provide for the determination of a persons guilt[6]. This process, was hoped, to simplify the lengthy and exuberant, common law methodology; where principles of offence are enshrined in case law; rather, sometimes ambiguously and with loose interpretations, tailored by judges as aids to justice, in particular scenarios. Although, Herring never meant that common law interpretations are inaccurately based but rather explores the idea that a codified criminal law will strengthen the principle of legality, in rather constitutional terms; i.e. it will uphold the separation of powers, by limiting the creation of the law to the Parliament, not the judiciary. Secondly, Herring acknowledges that the principal advantage that a written criminal code will serve in its accessibility; as it will serve to the members of the public, a reminder of their rights, liberties and duties. However, in Chambers[7], Toulson LJ, a senior member of the judiciary himself, criticizes the limited access to statute law, as a hindrance to access to justice. Thus, theoretically supporting the idea of a criminal code, all encompassing, and in the process providing instant access to the judiciary awareness to the general public as well. Furthermore, Smith Hogan, rightly points out that the adoption of a criminal code would figuratively deliver transparency on the states position, in relation to criminal behaviors[8]. Paul Robinson[9] in his book, proposes a code which distinguishes rules of conduct, which he proposes are aimed at the public at large and provide clarity and guidance; from those of attribution, which direct instructions to judges and juries, in determining verdict. He views rules of conduct as taking a communicative function, serving as a guidance for the public and thus must be kept as precise and clear as possible. However, his critics, point out that such rules of conduct, firstly disregard situations where crimes are a result of a prohibited action, i.e. result crimes [10] and secondly they exclude any indication of the state of the mind of the accused, i.e. Mens Rea[11]. Consequently, Antony Duff fittingly points out that the criminal code must first reflect the moral wisdom of the public; rather than focus its efforts on linguistic clarity [12]. Herring, further points out that such a code will also provide efficiency to the court system, as the code will provide clarity and accessibility, thus enabling judges to give timely verdicts. Proponents of the code also claim that the process of drafting the new criminal code will itself clear most of the contradictions and ambiguities. Thus, Herring claims that updating the code will rather extinguish old, and unsustainable laws, not practiced in todays society, he gives the example of s.36 Offences Against the Person Act 1861[13]. At the same time Herring, lists the potential pitfall of the code, primarily, he criticizes that there is no guarantee that the criminal code would become a bestseller; indicating doubts in public interest in the code[14]. Furthermore, he notes that the drafter overemphasized the benefits of the code, he points out that cases which require an examination of law morality will remain outside its scope; the notorious conjoined twins case [15]. Correspondingly, De Burca[16] states that the fascination with simplifying the code pays no heed to the fact that a particular criminal offence represents an examination of a plethora of political, ethical, and practical concerns, affecting the way a particular law develops for a particular offence. But, the final nail in the coffin, is stuck by J. Verbruggen[17] and his examination of this concern; where he asserts that a structural transformation of a judge-made norm into a codified norm would be unsuccessful. He states that it is necessary to appreciate that the Law Commission was primarily concerned with structural reforms, rather than any substantive reform; and stated that the drafters were not concerned with law reform, but rather employing codification to make the law simpler (11).ÂÂ   He draws distinction within a legal norm as having two dimensions; firstly, its organic identity, i.e. its form under which it exists. And a second dimension, he mentions, is the normative space under which a norm exists; this could range from wide-ranging legal norms to precise policy contemplations. He says that it is the combination of both these elements which makeup the structure of a norm and emphasized that the drafters aimed at altering the organic identity of judge-made norms ; i.e. the structure in which case law exists; while guarding its normative space, i.e. the common law doctrines. He claims that any effort to modify the organic identity of judge-made norms and still maintain its normative space; would be structurally impracticable. He suggests that an examination of judge made norms reveals normative considerations without any specific appointment of priority. He purports that when such norms are to be transplanted into a code, certain normative considerations will be given priority over the other; which, otherwise, would eventually lead to editorial choices amongst the drafters. He concludes that the drafters failed to realize that judge made norms are organically different to codified norms, as the latter are more restrictive in nature, than the former; and that codified norms do not in their entirety, represent the exact scope of normative considerations that exist in judge-made law. The Criminal Code as envisaged by the Law Commission was a gallant idea and a through effort, but sadly it came to a halt, amid juristical considerations. Admittedly, it must be concluded that because codification is not fundamentally capable of respecting the normative space of a judge-made norm, it creates doubts. Although, it seems fair to state that the Code does provide for accessibility, as rightly reported by Herring; but, these doubts which exist to the core of the matter of codification; effectively defeats the crucial criteria set forth by the Law Commission of consistency and certainty. [1] R v. Miller [1983] 2 AC 161, 174 (HL) [2] Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462 [3] Law Commission, Criminal Law Codification of Criminal Law A Report to the Commission (Law Com No 143, 1985) Law Commission, Criminal Law A Criminal Code for England and Wales (Law Com No 177, 1989). [4] Law Commission, Criminal Law A Criminal Code for England and Wales (Law Com No 177, 1989) [Para. 1.15]. [5] RIP: The Criminal Code (1968-2008) Editor of the Criminal Law Review (2009). [6] Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials By Jonathan Herring, 6th Edition; [Chapter1, Para 5] [7] Chambers [2008] EWCA Crim 2467 [8] Smith and Hogans Criminal Law, p.g. 33; 14th edition. (2015) [9] P. Robinson (1997) [10] Husak (1999a) [11] Duff (2002: 69) [12] Duff (2002) [13] s.36 Offences Against the Person Act 1861- assaulting a clergyman in the discharge of his duties in a place of worship or burial place [14] Clarkson (1994). [15] Re A (Conjoined Twins: Medical Treatment) [2000] 4 All ER 961 (CA). [16] de BÃ ºrca and Gardner (1990). [17] THE CODIFICATION OF JUDGE-MADE NORMS IN THE CRIMINAL LAW: A RESPONSE TO THE LAW COMMISSION REPORTS by JACK VERBRUGGEN NORTH EAST LAW REVIEW pg.83

Karl Marx :: essays research papers fc

The Life of Karl Marx Karl Marx was one of the greatest thinkers ever. Studying law and philosophy, he became an important social philosopher and revolutionary. He influenced the lives of millions of people in generations well past his. A man of mystery in the democratic societies, Karl Marx led an interesting life of new ideas that would influence millions in the future. Karl Marx was born on May 5th, 1818 (Karl Marx). He was the eldest son of Heinrich and Hennrietta Marx. He was born in Trier, Germany. Karl was the oldest surviving boy of nine children (Coser). Heinrich Marx was a very successful and well-educated lawyer ("Marx, Karl", Britannica). Both parents were Jewish and descended from a long line of rabbis. About a year before Karl was born, Heinrich and Henrietta converted. Karl's Jewish background brought him some prejudice ("Marx, Karl", Encarta). The prejudices, which he may heave experienced in his early life, may have brought him to question the role of religion in society, which may have influenced his desire for social change. Marx was educated from 1830 to 1835 in his hometown ("Marx, Karl", Britannica). In October, 1835, he went off to college at the University at Bonn. Marx generally studied humanities (Coser). Marx left Bonn after a year and in October 1836. He then enrolled at the University of Berlin to study law and philosophy ("Marx, Karl", Grolier). Marx's studies were not his top priority here, and he soon found himself behind. He submitted an application to the university at Jena, which was known to have low standards in its academic requirements. Karl was accepted and received his degree in April of 1841("Marx, Karl", Encarta). Marx was only seventeen years of age when he got engaged. He engaged to Jenny von Westphalen in 1837. Marx's parents were very opposed to the engagement because of Marx's young age (Basgen). In January 1842 Marx began contributing to a newspaper newly founded in Cologne. It was called the Rheinische Zeitung. Cologne was the center of industries in Prussia ("Marx, Karl", Britannica). On October 15th, 1842, Marx became editor of the Rheinische Zeitung. He was required to write many editorials from a variety of social issues. He also wrote about the new phenomenon of communism ("Marx, Karl", Grolier). On June 19th, 1843, Karl Heinrich Marx was wedded to Jenny von Westphalen. The marriage took place seven years after their engagement (Marx).

Common Sense Essay example -- essays research papers

In Common Sense, by Thomas Paine writes that America cannot recon ciliate with Great Britain. Paine gives many examples in this document of why America cannot reconsolidates with Great Britain. One of them is there is no advantages to being connected to Great Britain; only disadvantages can come out of the connection and the second idea is British government must sooner or later end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first point about the connection with the British, Paine states that America can benefit much more if it was not connected to the British for many reasons. One of them is trade with other European countries will decline or even go to ruins because if Europe breaks out into a war other countries will not trade with America because of the connection with the British. Second is the fact that the British does not protect us unless its in there interest or benefit to do so. Paine states that when the British fought off Spain and France, it was to protect Great Britain’s interest not Americas. He states this because if America was not benefiting Great Britain with trade and money or anything else; the British would not protect America. Paine’s third point is the fact that Britain is a monster. In this point he states that England brings tyranny to America because of the persecutions of emigrants that came to America in the first place and that Britain still pursues the descendants of the first emigrants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Thomas ...

Explore in detail how Iago has brought about the change in Othello’s relationship with Desdemona in the first three acts of the play

In this essay, I will be exploring how Iago brought about the change in Othello up until act 3 of the play. This play is about a black Venetian soldier who elopes and marries a young white girl called Desdemona, who he shares an empathic case of mutual love that overcomes many prejudice and objections. But his love for her soon changes to jealousy and murderous thoughts created by Iago, his most â€Å"honest† ancient. Iago plants crude images of Desdemona and Cassio, his former lieutenant, having an affair, and this soon chases away all the sanity in Othello. Until the mid-point of the play, Othello composes himself in a dignified manner and expresses unbounded faith in the transcendent love that he shares with Desdemona, a bond that reaches over differences in race, age, and social status. Nevertheless, Othello begins to change his mind about his young wife in the corruption scene of Act III (scene iii) and by the end of the act, he has completely made up his mind about Desdemona's faith and trust, and from this point, Othello is completely preoccupied with the mission of avenging himself on Desdemona and Cassio for an adulterous affair Iago claims they are having. In Othello, many events are more significant than others because of mental or psychological reasons. Shakespeare uses images to give contrasted thoughts to different parts of the play. Another thing is how a character changes his feelings in a brief moment. In the play, examples of these are, how Othello changes his trust from person to person, from Desdemona to Cassio to Iago. Another is how he changes his opinion of Desdemona's faith. Also there are the mental changes of Iago and his motives. The first we hear of Othello and Desdemona being together is in Act 1 Scene 1, when Iago calls out to Brabantio, Desdemona's father. He calls â€Å"you're robbed† claiming that Othello has kidnapped Desdemona when, in actual fact, they have eloped. At this point, we get the impression that Othello and Desdemona are in a young, innocent, romantic love, but Iago calling â€Å"an old black ram is tupping your white ewe† ruins this perfect image. Here, Shakespeare uses crude sexual images and refers both Othello and Desdemona as animals, which makes their love sound profane and physical. Iago provokes Brabantio by telling him these graphic stories of Othello and Desdemona. No father wants to hear about his daughter like that, so it's obvious that Brabantio gets angry with Othello. When Othello hears of Brabantio's anger, it is here we hear him talk about Desdemona for the first time. We see that he really does â€Å"love the gentle Desdemona† and this is shown quite precisely in Act 1 Scene 3. Here, Othello assures the court Brabantio has summoned him to, that he has not won Desdemona's love through â€Å"spells and medicine† and â€Å"witchcraft†, but with tales of heroic defeats, and he loved her that â€Å"she did pity them†. Othello describes his courtship of Desdemona in a dignified and persuasive speech (76-93) that even the Duke is persuaded that this tale â€Å"would win† his daughter also. By his speech, it becomes clearer that Othello's love for Desdemona is not passion, but a love whose quality is reflected in his tone when he speaks – calmly, with dignity, serenity, simplicity and stature. While Brabantio is still not convinced, Othello believes in his and Desdemona's love so much, and their unbreakable bond of trust and faith that he asks the Duke to send for her, so that she may speak for him. This shows that he trusts his life â€Å"upon her faith† even to speak against her own father. It also shows that he sees her more as an equal than a presence of a woman, since he sends for her to speak in a court, in a time where women weren't that high on the power scale. Speaking to the court is when we are first introduced to Desdemona and realises that she is little more that a girl inexperienced in the way of the world who is taken in by Othello's stories. Desdemona speaks gently outlining an argument so strong that finishes the whole debate. Hearing her argument, you can't help but wonder if her love for Othello is submissive love, generated by seeing â€Å"his visage in his mind† and fuelled by her delight in his â€Å"honours† and â€Å"valiant parts†. She speaks so fondly of him, yet hardly knows him; nonetheless, as she defends her newly born love for Othello, she uses much personal language such as â€Å"me† and â€Å"I† portraying personal feelings, which makes her love much more convincing. â€Å"My heart subdu'd/ I saw Othello's visage in his mind/ Did I my soul and fortune consecrate†. O my fair warrior† shows the equality of Othello and Desdemona's relationship once again when the two arrive in Cyprus. In Cyprus (Act 2 Scene 3), Cassio starts a fight under the influence of alcohol and Iago's â€Å"master plan†. Because of this, Othello's evening with Desdemona is disturbed, and we see him for the first time, expressing the emotion of anger. Up until this scene, Othello has always been portrayed with calm and serenity, but here, his mood dramatically changes showing the audience how easily his emotions can be swayed and affected. This is proven again at lines 245-249. Here his mood drastically changes again from angry to calm when he sees Desdemona. Othello acts with embarrassment and disappointment to the situation and describes it a â€Å"Christian shame†, which is ironic, because he is yet to commit a sinful act. After the incident, Othello demotes Cassio, even though he is obviously a close friend of his, â€Å"Cassio I love thee, but nevermore be officer of mine†. This is strange because Othello trusted Cassio a great deal and was also close with him, and yet, he demoted him on the spot. This is a sign of how Othello's emotions can affect him and cloud his judgment, making him think on his feet and act spontaneously. At the start of Act 3 Scene 3, Cassio is first mentioned to Othello by Desdemona to play with his mind (non intentionally of course). His tone in this scene tells us that he is annoyed with her constant pester and her interest in Cassio by calling her an â€Å"Excellent wench†, but he â€Å"do love thee† still. We also see that Othello depends on Desdemona, maybe a little too much for it could cost his sanity. â€Å"And when I love thee not, chaos is come again†. He quotes â€Å"I deny thee nothing† which shows us that he cannot refuse her and he still cares for her deeply, and it almost assures the audience he always will. Desdemona is not a strong character, and lacks solidity in her persona, but, despite the fact of this, we see here that she is a huge weakness in Othello's character, even through his annoyance for her at this point. She is almost able to wrap him around her little finger without intending to, and Othello allows this to happen because of his love and his insecurities about it. From noticing Desdemona's unwariness of this, we might come to the conclusion that she could possibly seen as the type to liase around with other men. Yet we are most certain that she wouldn't, from the way she respects Othello and, regards him as first priority in her life, before her own father. The tragedy of love misunderstood is exposed at the end of Act 3 Scene 3, where we now see Othello in reverse role. Unlike in Act 1, Othello is able to think clearly and compose himself as polite, kind, and noble. Soft phrases and the use of a variety of literary devices such as, alliteration, pitiable stories, and flattering phrases towards Desdemona allow a calmer reflection of Othello. This is the contrary of how he acts at the end of Act 3. He seems to revert to his more primal nature of fighting and â€Å"glorious war†. War is a huge vulnerability to Othello, which we see when he finally accepts Iago's lies and is convinced that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. Here his first reactions are of death and destruction, as he makes sure that â€Å"Cassio's not alive†. Earlier in the scene, when first hearing of Desdemona's ‘affair', Othello seems quite intent on only believing Iago's words with some kind of proof. â€Å"I'll see before I doubt; when I doubt, prove† Yet Othello fails to keep his word as he becomes angered by the mere thought of his wife deceiving him. It is due to this, that Othello asks Iago to â€Å"set on thy wife to observe†. Basically he asks Iago to seek the truth, yet the truth never is found causing him to doubt. We see that Othello has doubt because of his soliloquy in this act. This is the first time he has one which surprises the audience and adds emotion and energy to Othello's character more than usual. This could be a sign of his emotions swaying unlike in the Acts before, where he always seems open and composed. His soliloquy shows that he is confused and no longer speaks his mind as he did in the previous acts. During this soliloquy, Othello doubts his marriage, regrets that he is black, notices he's much older, and he also doubt in himself. â€Å"Haply, I am black†, â€Å"I am declined the vale of years†, â€Å"O curse of marriage† Another sign of distrust is, when Desdemona asks Othello if he is â€Å"not well†, and Othello replies â€Å"I have a pain upon my forehead here† instead of saying what he thought, as he usually would. The horns he speak of may symbolise the horns a cuckold would possess, which is also a sign of Othello's mind wandering and doubting. You can tell that he is not self-assured and as confident as he once was. Shakespeare uses this technique to show us that Othello has lost his confidence and is no longer self-assured. As he becomes more and more angry his control through his speech begins to slip, no longer does he speak in long flowing sentences but now in exclamations, which hints at his loss of capability to loose his temper. He is also speaking in a similar way to Iago, This may symbolise that he has come to think in the same manner. These images show us the depth of Othello's jealousy, the woman he loved he now disparage. The change in Othello is very sudden. He makes a very quick transition from love to hate. In Act 3 Scene 3, Othello states, â€Å"if she be false, O then heaven mocks itself†. Yet only not long after, he says â€Å"I'll tear her into pieces†, and says that his mind will never change from this â€Å"tyrannous hate†. At the end of Act 3 Scene 3, we see that the relationship is no longer equal, and we see that Othello has risen above Desdemona and has belittled her. Othello treats her, and continues on treating her with great disrespect he would never have done before. Before, their relationship was mutual and equal but at this point in the Scene, Othello does not give Desdemona the chance to justify her actions, this reflects his egotistic, and is an example of how easily influenced he is. Iago is evil personified, and to say that he is motiveless in this play could be quite true, as the audience never get to know his one true motive as it mentally changes and progresses as the play develops. He is ruthless, sinister, and will stop at nothing. Iago is the whole reason why there is conflict in the play. All the problems caused are through Iago and his lies, treachery, manipulation, and deep mysterious hate, which is fuelled by jealousy and revenge and maybe love. A lot of motives there. He is a two faced liar smiting and betraying his fellow characters, while also being â€Å"honest Iago† as he wants to be known. He plays many parts of the story because of this. While at one point, he is the best comrade a person could have, yet another where he is a two faced, backstabbing liar. Throughout the play, we see him lie from one to the next, but he is only able to do this because he is shown to be a very accurate judge of character. He understands how everyone works, and how their minds function. He understand perfectly his â€Å"sick fool† Roderigo's vanity and foolish hopes. He knows that Desdemona's generous personality will lead her to plead on Cassio's behalf. He knows that Cassio's ambitiousness will lead him to use Desdemona to regain Othello's trust, and he knows that † the Moor is of a free and open nature/ that thinks men honest but seem to be so†. He knows all this yet he spins a web of lies (with consummate skill) to turn everyone against one another. In the play Othello, Iago influence and uses two people purely for leverage. One of those is Michael Cassio, who is in a very contradicting relationship with Iago. While Cassio trusts Iago and thinks that he has the best intentions for him in mind, Iago is actually plotting against him, persuading him with â€Å"good advice†, all in the while, ensnaring Cassio into a love innuendo he'd rather not be in. One of Iago's more successful schemes is within Act 2 Scene 3. This scene opens with Othello bidding Cassio to inspect the guard during the night. He also warns him â€Å"not to outsport discretion†. Ironically, Iago will trick him beyond discretion, leading to his fall in this scene, the most important aspect of Iago's plan. Cassio proves his noble nature early on in the scene by refusing Iago's persistent offer of wine, admitting that he â€Å"does not drink well†. Hearing this, Iago persists until Cassio finally gives in to his weakness. It takes Cassio â€Å"but one cup† to get drunk and gets into a fight with Roderigo. When Othello arrives on the scene Iago takes him aside and, being the persistent liar he is, pretends to be good friends with Cassio and pretends to care for him so that nothing will â€Å"wrong him†, nonetheless blaming him for everything, but subtly, subconsciously. By sticking up for him, Iago soon befriends Cassio and tells him to seek Desdemona and ask her to plead for his rank and trust back with Othello. This is the most important point of persuading Cassio, because this is the main leverage for the whole plan. Here, he knows that Cassio's ambitions will make him persistent and unaware of anything else, as does he know that Desdemona's loving nature will help him. Iago plays with the subconscious a lot, as it is a conniving and cunning way to persuade someone. This is also shown on his lackey, Roderigo. Iago also manipulates Roderigo, not part of any plan, but just as a lucky opportunity for money. For the foolish Roderigo, and his foolish hopes makes him an easy target for Iago. The phrase â€Å"put money in thy purse† repeatedly as Iago plays with Roderigo's subconsciousness, and installs in Roderigo, a sense of trust in Iago. This convinces him that Iago is helping him, and that he is plotting against Othello purely for â€Å"sport†. â€Å"Sport† makes the whole situation sound like a game, a bet perhaps, so therefore money doesn't seem like a big issue. Iago's soliloquies are probably just as important as anything else in the play, and he uses a lot of them. This allows us to see at once early on in the play, Iago's motives and intentions, and that some promises go no where, like with Roderigo and his plans to woo the â€Å"gentle Desdemona†. Through soliloquy is when the master of deception is open to the scrutiny of the audience, that we may admire, horrified, the progress of his scheming. We see that he is an opportunist and amoral, â€Å"the moor already changes with my poison†. In his soliloquies, Iago uses a level of expressiveness rarely presented in his public speeches such as, emotion, thoughts, and even insecurities, which are shown when he is convinced that Othello is sleeping with Emilia, his wife. In a soliloquy, Iago expounds the â€Å"divinity of hell†. He is delighted to see that his evil plan is working perfectly. Othello has many traits that make him naive and insecure, and Iago plays on this. â€Å"Ha! I like not that, sneaking away so guilty like†. This makes Othello question many things, but most of all, his marriage and his wife's faith â€Å"I think my wife be honest, and think she is not†, this shows that Othello is confused and questions himself, he shows hate for her but at the same time loves her. His mind rages from one extreme to the other in his fit of emotions showing he has lost his control. Desdemona is rich and noble, furthermore, she has gone out of her social sphere to marry Othello and he is aware of this. When he speaks of his marriage, there is a hint of uncertainty, like it's almost too good to be true. However, this insecurity is buried dormant and non fatal. It would not rise by itself to produce a tragedy, but needs someone who sees its existence and uses it. Iago plants jealousy into Othello, but its mostly Othello's pride that provides a fertile ground for these insecurities to nurture it's growth. Iago plays with Othello's uncertainty building it up by talking of jealousy and betrayal, â€Å"O, beware my lord, of jealousy! â€Å"/†It is the green eyed monster†, and then more specifically about the unnatural nature of their marriage â€Å"Her will, recoiling to her better judgement†. More importantly, he addresses jealousy as a major theme. The â€Å"green eyed monster† becomes a symbol representing Othello's dark feelings, a spectre lurking in his mind and beginning to steer his behaviour, while Iago lead him with lies â€Å"And will as tenderly be led by th'nose as asses are. † This creates an image of an animal being led away so easily by something so simple. Iago uses a serious case of reverse psychology just to build up the confusion and uncertainty in Othello. Iago says that Cassio is â€Å"honest†, which sets Othello off, and Iago's fake uncertainty in his tone makes Othello think that Cassio lies. Words such â€Å"sneak† and â€Å"guilty† sets the scene for private affair, and gets Othello's mind racing. Othello becomes suspicious and starts to get annoyed with Iago, as it seems Iago knows something and is not telling Othello, Othello says, â€Å"Show me thy thought†. By not telling Othello the â€Å"secret† not only makes him want to know even more, but it also makes Othello feel like an outsider, already he is separated from the group, but now even more as there are a secrets revolving around that he knows nothing of. These are all tactics, which Iago uses (among others) to break down Othello and all the people around him. One of his most successful tactics is how he drops hints about Desdemona and Cassio. He does this very well by not actually stating fictitious stories but by suggesting, and not giving Othello a clear image. This is somewhat worse because if his mind is left to wander and imagine, it can come up with the wrong answer. He also plays on the fact that Desdemona has already once deceived her father and â€Å"may thee†. This makes Othello question her faith and if he is first priority anymore. Othello trusts Iago because Iago puts forward the fact that he knows all and is a kind loyal friend for he says, and I quote â€Å"I am your own forever†, even though we all know he despises the moor. But this way, Iago gets into Othello's trustees list, which is a helpful asset to his plan. Gaining that trust, Iago acts out many sympathetic, expressive roles, gives much advice and fulfils Othello's greedy ears with what he wants to hear, therefore, proving his loyalty. Throughout the play, there is a steady stream of racism. It originates from not one, but rather several characters in the play. Most characters in the play exhibit some type of racism toward Othello. His blackness is not only a mark of his physical alienation but a symbol, to which every character in the play, he himself included, must respond. Iago and Roderigo speak the most obvious racial slurs against Othello. Roderigo refers to the â€Å"thick-lips†, â€Å"gross clasps of a lascivious moor†, and the â€Å"gross revolt† of Desdemona (Act 1 Scene 1). He also labels Othello as a â€Å"wheeling stranger†. Iago makes several references to Othello's race as well, referring to him as an â€Å"old black ram†, a â€Å"devil†, and a † Barbary horse†. This is also associated with excessive sexuality when Iago tells Brabantio that his â€Å"daughter and the Moor are [now] making the beast / with two backs†. This cultural perception contributes to the racist atmosphere; Othello's sexuality is connected to his race, which is perceived as degenerate and disgusting. Iago and Roderigo are not the only characters with outright disdain for Othello's race and culture. Brabantio also projects the negative images associated with blackness. Desdemona's father invites Othello to tell tales, but refuses to accept him as a son-in-law. Brabantio shows his anger when he refers to Othello as â€Å"too true and evil†, a â€Å"foul thief†, and â€Å"Damn'd†. He is disgusted that Desdemona would â€Å"run from her guardage to the sooty bosom / Of such a thing as thou–to fear, not to delight! † and â€Å"fall in love with what she fear'd to look on! † In addition, Brabantio claims that the only possible way Desdemona could fall in love with Othello is if he used black magic. These statements reveal a racism similar to that of Iago and Roderigo. Desdemona communicates an even more subtle form of racism. She falls in love with Othello not for his outward appearance but for his words. She states that she saw â€Å"Othello's visage in his mind†, but she does not say that she found his physical form attractive. By not referring to his physical state, Desdemona confirms her father's belief that she should fear to look on such blackness. Othello even attests to this when he agrees with Iago's statement that Desdemona â€Å"seem'd to shake and fear your looks†. All of these quotes suggest that even Desdemona realizes there is something unnatural about her love for Othello due to his physical appearance. The use, or lack thereof, of Othello's name is important for racial reasons as well. Calling someone by name is a sign of respect. The characters in the play sometimes refer to Othello by his name, but often by the term â€Å"Moor. † The amount of racial hostility the character has for Othello usually dictates the mode of address. Iago refers to Othello by name but only a few times in the play, usually when he is talking directly to him, while he calls him Moor over the rest of the play. Coincidence plays a big role in the play Othello, as everything happens almost out of coincidence. From Iago's plan, to being at the wrong place at the wrong time, everything adds up to coincidence. An example of this is when Cassio chooses to meet with Desdemona at that certain point in the play, just as Othello is returning. This is when Othello first has his doubts about Desdemona. Iago sees this and plays on that fact â€Å"Ha, I like not that/ he would sneak away so guilty like†. I think that Iago persuades Othello in a very convincing way. Although, the way that Othello changes so suddenly makes it less convincing. This may just be that he is a very naive character who â€Å"trusts men easily†. This may also be due to his insecurities. Iago knows Othello will never be completely embraced in society, and he knows that Othello also knows that. By playing on this, he skilfully convinces Othello that his wife might not love because of his race. Othello is obviously hurt by this and his change is drastic, yet somehow convincing. I think it's the way that you see all the persuasions and lies planned by Iago, then you watch it happen. This lets us understand and see the development.

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The American Revolution is one of the most important eras in American history. It was the period that fashioned the American society and influenced the making of the constitution in readiness for the conceived independence. It refers broadly to the war fought by the 13 American states against his majesties army in a bid not only to reject the influence of the English parliament over American land but also to severe all forms of allegiance to Britain.There were many factors that led to the war yet it was clear that such recourse was inevitable due to the growing American society and the difference in ideologies between the leadership in American and that in Britain. One of the main issues that led to the war and consequent declaration of independence is the British imposition of higher taxes over the American Brits as passed by British parliament. Americans felt that since they did not have any representation within that parliament, then such a move was unconstitutional.The British ne eded to raise money and therefore decided that colonies must pay more as a cost of their upkeep by the British Empire. The American leadership tried to have those decisions lifted by appealing to the king since although hey did not recognize parliament authority over them, they still felt that they owed their allegiance to the king. However, the king did not intervene but instead called them rebellious and declared war on the.Another reason is the fact that the British Empire had made legislations restricting trade thus leading British traders to benefit more form trade than their American counter parts a move that was greatly resented. This in turn slowed growth in America and led to its leadership agreeing that a drastic measure was important to redress this situation. Another factor that led to the revolution was a shift in ideologies influenced by thinkers like Locke whose ideologies in liberalism led to the growth of a republican mood and a strong distaste to values that oppres sed some while benefiting others.Furthermore, most felt that Britain was corrupt and unfair which fuelled a need to break away in order to establish a state that recognized certain rights of the people to decide the direction their country took. These and many more factors, including the Boston massacre led congress to declare America’s independence from British rule and thereby starting the American revolutionary wars. The war was won by the Americans with the help from the French armies and navy and later more help from Spain and the Netherlands (Cohen, 2004).Andrew Jackson’s popular brand of politics was a distinct break from the previous administrations. Why was it different? What was his legacy for both good and bad? Support your answer with specific examples. Andrew Jackson was the 7th president of the United States of America and the last to have been a captive of war. He has a rich history which together combined to make him one of the most important men in the American history. He was known for being a tough man both as an administrator and as an army commander.He was born third born of a family of Irish immigrants and was born in South Carolina. His birth of an immigrant family is simply another testament to the great opportunity that America is since it offers people, from all background the chance to realize their dreams; no matter how ambitious they might be. Jackson’s military carrier started when he was fourteen when he joined the army as a courier which saw him captured by the British and consequently lost his brother as a result of that imprisonment.He later went on to distinguish himself as a military commander rising to the rank of major general due to his heroic act in the Battle of New Orleans defending the country against British attack. It is clear from observing Jackson’s history that he was a very determined man and his endeavors earned him popularity among the people. In the 1824 elections he lost to Adams although he had won the popular vote but congress chose the former since the Electoral College could not decide on one man to lead the nation.This election might have called in question the prudence of an electoral system of elections that runs against the feelings and decisions of the majority and that installs a leader voted for by the minority. Such a move might be seen to be contrary to the fundamental pillars of democracy that America so holds dear and might even run contrary to the provisions of the constitution that guarantees certain rights to individuals. This is because the decisions of the majority should reflect the greater good and to have such a decisions quashed by a small group of citizens is simply not right.Traditional democrats including Jefferson differed greatly with jack son on several fronts. They opposed increased federal strength fearing that it might lead to a centralization of power by the federal government. They also opposed plans for the formation of a central bank to offer regulations to all other banks and in doing so preferred that states retain most powers over their affairs. They also opposed plans to have a large national army and navy. They also favored low tariffs probably one of the areas that Jackson concurred with an opinion greatly opposed by the federalists.Jackson found the Democratic party after he broke off from the one led by Adams after he lost the election to Adam. Unlike his former allies, he favored a strong army probably because he had a good military carrier. However, his controversial life was because of his support for slavery and the Indian removal which is a contradictory to the bills of right and the American constitution. It is curious to note that as president he would be expected to defend the constitution yet he had shown his oppositions against such fundamental issues raised by the very constitution he would be expected to uphold.Nonetheless, the splinter Democratic Party he helped to make would co me to dominate American politics for many decades to follow a trend that continues even to today (Ward, 1962). During the first half of the 19th century, America became increasingly industrialized. It is important to understand what the industrial revolution was in order to relate it to how it affected the American society in the early 19th century. The industrial revolution first started in Britain in the 18-20th century and there were great changes in the area of agriculture, transport, industry and manufacturing and in the transport sector.These changes were experienced in other parts of the world including America and they changed society completely. The initial stages of the revolution saw an end to manual and animal labor and an adoption of machines in farming and in other sectors. The pioneering industries included textile, transport and the mining and development of metal including iron. The industrial revolution in America set the country on a course to become the greatest economic power in the face of the planet with wealth and industries unmatched by none.There are many factors attributed to America’s rapid industrialization among them being presence of capital, vast resources that could be used in industries and the presence of fast and reliable transport system to aid in trade. Before the 18th century American relied on primitive agricultural methods for it’s agricultural out put. However, the revolution changed all this and great technological advancement led to better and innovative methods to farm lands and more advance machines to be used in the production of various outputs.This led to the growth of other sectors, creation of employment and an increase in the per capita income of the people fuelling growth in all sectors. There are many factors that are credited with accelerating the pace of industrialization in American during this period. Firstly, there was not adequate labor to work in the utilizations of the vast resources f ound in American pushing efforts to create machinery that would make work effective and easier. Secondly, America was endowed with many rivers that could be used to transport products and also as sites for building mills and many other industries.Other inventions that accelerated industrialization included the steam engine that made transportation faster and the cotton gin that brought huge profits to plantation owners. Another factor that helped greatly to increase trade in this period was the building of roads and canals to improve transport within the country especially to those states that were landlocked. The invention of the steam engine was used to manufacture steam boats that revolutionized travel.Furthermore, steam engines were used on trains which saw the building of a rail way line that connected various parts of the country easing movement of people and goods. The invention of thee telephone and telegraph would also prove to be a major factor contributing greatly to the development of service sectors like banks. Lastly the presence of oil in the country was a contributing factor since oil provided useful products in the homes for lighting and in industries for lubricating machines. It would later become even more useful with the invention of the combustion engine.The industrial revolution not only saw many Americans acquire land but also improved the way they farmed increasing their output greatly. This is because they stopped relying on manual labor and used machinery that helped them keep the soil fertile while reducing the cost of production. Industries provided jobs for people and led to growth of urban centers whereby companies were based and suburbs were people lived. The great technological developments continued in many sectors including arms which saw an improvement in the status of the army (Hudson, 1992).The causes of the Civil War are many and complex There are many causes of the American civil war but three reasons stand out as the maj or causes. The American civil war was fought during the period 1861-1865 and was caused by the secession of the southern Sates for the union. It pitted Jefferson Davies commanding the confederate forces against the union forces under the guidance of the president Lincoln. The first reason is the issue of slavery since many differed on the issue depending on which part of the country one came from.Most northerners were against slavery since they claimed that it went against the constitution that identified that all men are born equal and all had certain rights guaranteed them by the constitution. They therefore could not understand how people calling themselves Americans and subject to the same constitution could own other people and thereby contradict the constitution in such a blatant manner. In this regard they were agitating for an end to slavery a motion that was not well received in the south.The southern economy was dependent on agriculture and Southerners felt that they neede d slaves to work on their large plantations. The election of Abraham Lincoln as president was the last straw for the southerners since they saw it as a clear move of bad things to come since Lincoln was one of the staunch supporters of the motion to abolish slavery. Lincoln and congress however tried to avert the problem by not formulating immediately a law ending slavery but instead drafted one stopping the spread of it.Southerners felt that if the growth of slavery was stopped hen slavery would die slowly and the effect would still be the same. Furthermore, Northerners gave States powers to hold referendum whereby citizens chose whether those states should keep slaves or not. Another factor that caused the civil war is the economic differences between the South and the north and the various legislations passed by Northern legislators to benefit them in the expense of Southerners. The North depended more on industries and service industry while the South depended largely on agricul ture especially in cotton.This largely meant that need for labor in the form of slaves was increasing and this in turn polarized the two sides of the country against each other. Furthermore, most merchant ships form the south exported cotton and returned with finished products from Europe. Most of those products were similar to those made I the northern part and hence northerners felt that they should purchase from them and not import them . This led to the formulation of higher taxes on imports in order to force them to purchase them from their northern counterparts and this angered them since these products were more expensive.Another important factor that led to the civil war was the debate of whether to have a strong federal government since most in the south favored strong states with a weak federal government. They felt that they should have the power to make their own regulations and have the authority to veto federal laws that they felt were not good for their states. They a lso felt that they should have the right to secede from the union and form independent countries if their populace felt so.However, the president and the north saw this as rebellion and could therefore not grant them such a request (Catton & McPherson, 2004). These reasons led to the Confederate states launch a secession war against the north for the right to self governance. As the war progressed Lincoln freed all the slaves held by the South a move aimed at strengthening support for the union and stopping Britain from intervening in the war. The end of the war saw a great period of reconstruction that saw great involvement by federal and state governments.With the end of the war came an end to slavery and an upholding of the constitutional provision that â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. † We ho ld these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of HappinessThe issue of human freedom has been an important subject from time immemorial and hence the presence of the phrase â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal† in the American constitution. There are several factors that led American leaders among them Thomas Jefferson to include this provision in the declaration for independence since their efforts to win America’s independence from Britain was motivated by a need for governance that respects the rights of the people.There are several factors that led America to fight for its independence but most of the included a need to stop British parliament from imposing its legislative authority over the American people. Most importantly was the act by British parliament to pass a law increasing tax over the American Britons a move that many felt was a violation of their sovereign rights since many felt that America owed its allegiance to he king but was not subject to legislations by the British parliament.Furthermore American leaders during the time preceding the declaration of independence felt that all people have certain natural rights which cannot be taken from them. These rights guarantee people certain rights conferred upon them which cannot be surrendered to the state and which allows men to decide their lives. Natural rights were argued from many schools of thought with religion playing a major part in leading to believe and adoption of the same in the constitution. Furthermore, natural rights could b traced to Britain whereby they were used to challenge the divine powers of kings and therefore remove kings who ruled unjustly.Therefore, the acts of Britain to dictate various laws upon the American public and levy taxes on them were considered to be breach of such rights since natural rights prohibited a party to gain while causing pain, harm or misery to the other. In this regard, the American constitution after independence went ahead to grant American citizens certain rights that could not be surrendered to the state and clarified that any law made in contradiction to these provisions would be void. This philosophy continued to grow and influence American society in years to come and this was evidence with the thirteenth amendment that abolished slavery.The issue of slavery was always a very controversial issue all over the world with many questioning the morality of some forcing others to work for them and be subject to their control. The Amendment was preceded by the emancipation proclamation by Abraham Lincoln during the civil war and was aimed at ruining the economy of those states which were trying to leave the union. As expected, the move won the Lincoln administration support from foreign nation especially the United Kingdom and dim inishing the rebellious state’s chance of recognition.However, the proclamation only freed slaves from Southern sates and it became necessary to enact a law ending slavery in the whole country. In this regard, it became illegal for any person to force any person to involuntary servitude guaranteeing the rights of all citizens to liberty. However, the end of slavery was not the end of problems related to minor groups who were mainly blacks in the American society. They were treated as second rate citizens and they did not have most of the rights enjoyed by the white majority.Though they were no longer slaves they were forced to work under deplorable conditions for their white employers and the same time receive meager earnings as the price of their labor. They were not allowed to vote since they were considered minority citizens and most were even subjected to violence and were not given access to justice to redress these violations of the rights. The American constitution gua rantees that all men are born equal and therefore guaranteed rights that cannot be denied them and this led minority groups to fight against such breach of constitutional guarantees.The situation escalated in the 20th century when segregation became widespread with black citizens not allowed to use white citizen’s facilities. These meant that minority groups were discriminated upon in employment, were not allowed in various establishments, and had separate schools with their white counterparts. This pushed these minority groups deep into poverty, a condition that will continue to be a big factor to the living stands of black people later on in the future.However, the 1900’s were an era of great civil movements that saw the granting of voting rights to all minority groups including women. The subsequent amendment to the constitution wanted to clarify that since the constitution clearly spelt that all people have certain unalienable rights, then any discrimination based on gender or race was contrary to the provisions of the constitution. Therefore, various governments continue to ensure that laws made do not infringe on the laws of individuals with the court reviewing laws and removing those that violate citizen’s rights.On the international arena, the adoption of the bill of rights have helped lead to more rights and freedoms for people all over the world (Vorenburg, 2001). References Catton, B. & McPherson, J. (2004). The Civil War. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Cohen, S. (2004). British supporters of the American revolution, 1775-1783. Boydell press. Hudson, P. (1992). The Industrial Revolution. Oxford Publisher. Ward, J. (1962). Andrew Jackson. New York: Oxford Publishers. Vorenberg, M. (2001). Final freedom. New york: Cambridge university press.